Mistletoe is a hemi-parasitic plant of the Santalales order that grows in the branches of trees and shrubs. There are two common types of mistletoe, American and European, though there are several tropical species as well.
Types of Mistletoe
American mistletoe (Phoradendron species) is poisonous and should not be ingested, even as a tea, though some believe that all mistletoe species may cause gastrointestinal problems and low pulse. The chemicals possibly responsible for the adverse reactions are beta-phenylethylamine, tyramine, and phoratoxin. Death has been shown to occur within 10 hours of ingestion.
European mistletoe (Viscum album) has been used to treat some diseases over the past few decades. The plant is also known as Golden Bough or Herb de la Croix (French for herb of the cross).
Treating Disease
The most common therapeutic use for Viscum album has been as an adjunct to cancer treatments such as radiation. Some studies have been conducted to determine the plant’s ability to prevent tumor growth and spread, but the results have been inconclusive.
Some believe that the plant prevents tumors from spreading by halting the cellular production of proteins needed by cancer cells. Others think promise may lie in the activation of the immune system, which has made it a potential candidate for treating AIDS and viral infections. Some patients have reported decreased side effects from their cancer treatment when taking a mistletoe supplement. Low doses have also been attributed to lower blood pressure, while higher doses may increase blood pressure, but very few studies have addressed this.
Viscum album Herbal Supplements
Any claims made by herbalists are anecdotal, from their own experience or second hand from their patients.
A fluid extract or powdered leaves are the most common herbalist preparation from the leaves and twigs, harvested just before the white berries come in. Since 1682, there have been claims that the preparations can treat epileptic seizures, but it is also recognized that the plant is a narcotic, a drug that produces numbness and stupor, potentially affecting mood and behavior. Mistletoe is often combined with valerian root, a known sedative and mood-altering substance, and vervain.
Proper Handling of Mistletoe
When decorating for Christmas, it is important to keep real mistletoe away from pets and children because it is likely Phoradendron flavescens, an American species. If animals or small children are present in the home, it is probably best to buy fake, plastic mistletoe. This will prevent any accidental mishaps from curious chewing.
If using Viscum album, it is important to verify the identity of the herb or supplement being purchased. The Food and Drug Administration does not approve or test herbal supplements and claims made by the companies have not been confirmed by the agency.
Additional information provided by:
Dan Nickrent, Parasitic Plant Classification, Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Drug Digest
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, 2000.
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